Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Multifaceted Potentialities of Some Rhizobacteria Associated With Sorghum Plants on Their Growth and Development1171633910.21608/eajbsg.2017.16339ENSaadia MohamedHassanienDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptSamy A.AfiahDesert Research Center, El-Matariya, 11753, Cairo, EgyptAbeer E.El-HadidyDesert Research Center, El-Matariya, 11753, Cairo, EgyptAmany M.BalahDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20181011The present study deals with the potential of rhizobactria isolated from soils rhizosphere associated with Sorghum [<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench] roots. The isolates were characterized for production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphate solubiliztion ability and some lytic enzyme activity as functional potentialities correlated with plant growth promoting activities. Consequently, the isolates were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA by sequencing analysis. The result appeared that most isolates produced IAA and the highest amount of IAA was detected from <em>Bacillus megaterium</em> which produced 0.453 µg/ml and <em>Pseudomonas hibiscicola</em> that produced 0.370 µg/ml.
Sorghum plants inoculated with selected rhizobacterial strains were significantly enhanced specially by <em>Pseudomonas geniculat</em> (SC), <em>Rhizobium pusense</em> (SD), <em>Bacillus cerues</em> ATCC 14579 (S4) and <em>Bacillus cerues </em>strain X3 (S2)<em> Lysinibacillus </em>sp(S3). Whereas, the mineral contents (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, N, P and K) were significantly higher values in the shortest plant shoot and lowers in the higher shoot of sorghum plants. Meanwhile, sorghum parameters of photosynthetic pigments, amino acids and N, P, and K concentrations were increased significantly as compared with its untreated control. Consequently, the more efficient isolates were identified as <em>Rhizobium pusense, Bacillus cerues </em>strain X3 and <em>Bacillus cerues</em> ATCC 14579 respectively. Further, the isolate may be used as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and could use as abiocontrol agents based on the production of lytic enzymes like protease, amylase, lipase and chitinase which are the key enzyme for lyses fungal cell wall.
It could be concluded that the isolated strains have the ability for production of phytohormons and phosphate solubilization which can be used as abiofertilizers due to enhancing the tested crop plant growth parameters. Finally the rhizospheric isolated strains could used as bioinculant to increase plant tolerance against biotic and a biotic stress and providing a step forward toward sustainable agriculture.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16339_65c380ca057ed1e65f68d6aa5d122b04.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Replacement Effect of NaCl by KCl with Garlic Extract on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium Strains19291634010.21608/eajbsg.2017.16340ENSalah G.AliBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.Journal Article20181011<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">One<br />of the most important purposes of NaCl and garlic uses is to control of<br />microbial pathogens. NaCl has been replaced by KCl partially to lower the side<br />effects of NaCl on the human health. In this research study focusing on the<br />effect of replacement of NaCl by KCl mix with garlic extract on <em>Escherichia<br />coli</em> O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> previously identified<br />strains. </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Minimum inhibitory<br />concentration (MIC) garlic extract NaCl and /or KCl alone and in combinations<br />against <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella</em> <em>typhimurium</em><br />strains in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHIB) and in ground beef were<br />determined. Acceptable concentrations levels from garlic extract, NaCl and KCl<br />alone or in combinations were selected and used for killing time assay of both<br />tested bacteria. </span><em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">E.<br />coli</span></em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> O157:H7 exhibited more sensitive than <em>Salmonella<br />typhimurium</em>, and in ground beef than in Brain Heart infusion broth (BHI)<br />with all treatment of mixtures. Synergistic effects were detected in garlic<br />extract and NaCl or KCl combinationsat specific<br />concentration. 50% NaCl replacement by KCl with garlic are the most effective<br />combinations by reduction 54.4% in BHI 59.5% of <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:<br />H7 in ground beef, whereas 75% NaCl replacement by KCl with garlic extract are<br />the most effective combinations by reduction <em>Salmonella typhimurium </em>with<br />36.2% in BHI and 37.9% in ground beef. </span>https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16340_232528c7cd255113d4d499a46bb26160.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus subtilis MF375213.1 and Bacillus axarquiensis MF375110.1 From Used Petroleum Oils at Assiut City, Egypt31371634110.21608/eajbsg.2017.16341ENElsayed K.BakhietBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524 Assiut, EgyptJournal Article20181011 Petroleum oil is the<br />main pollutant specially in petroleum countries producers. In This research study<br />looked for bacterial strains have ability to degrade petroleum oily pollutants.<br />Two bacterial isolates from 23 isolates have high ability to degrade engine oil were<br />characterized and identified. The two bacterial isolates have been identified<br />phenotypically and genotypically methods, as <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> strain<br />BS1 and <em>Bacillus axarquiensis</em> strain BA1, these deposited in national<br />center for biotechnology information (NCBI Gen Bank) under the Accession<br />numbers MF375213.1 and MF375110.1 respectively. Two isolated strains have<br />ability to grow in minimal medium containing petroleum oil with maximum<br />bacterial growth was determined by spectrophotometry. <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> growth exhibited<br />1.7 OD at 600nm after 2 days of incubation time whereas <em>Bacillus axarquiensis<br /></em>exhibited 1.14 OD at 600 nm after 3 days of incubation time with minimal<br />medium containing 2% petroleum oil.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16341_db77679ebd8a1ac3357fff967f83a8fe.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Potential Impact of Cypermethrin on Selected Groups of Soil Microorganisms39501634210.21608/eajbsg.2017.16342ENAnozie PatienceC.Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaIlori MatthewODepartment of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaAmund OlukayodeODepartment of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaSchmidtStefanDiscipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South AfricaJournal Article20181011<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Application<br />of cypermethrin as insecticide during agricultural practices is a global<br />concern due to its toxicity and potential accumulation of its metabolites in<br />the aquatic environment. A mesocosm plot of agricultural land (500 m<sup>2</sup>)<br />was demarcated and deliberately contaminated with cypermethrin to study its<br />impact on the autochthonous microorganisms. Potential effects of<br />3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a known suicide metabolite of cypermethrin, on<br />hydrolytic activities were also investigated by using fluorescein diacetate assay<br />(FDA). A significant increase in the abundance of total heterotrophic bacteria<br />from 3.55 x 10<sup>6</sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>to 1.30 x 10<sup>8</sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>in<br />12 weeks as against the control was induced by the insecticide in the mesocosm.<br />The number of starch hydrolysing bacteria increased after the second<br />insecticide treatment from 6.25 x 10<sup>6</sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>to 2.70 x 10<sup>7<br /></sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>in three weeks. However, there was no significant<br />increase in the microbial count of fungi, presumptive actinomycetes and<br />nitrogen fixing bacteria during the twelve weeks of experiment. The hydrolytic<br />activity of soil microorganisms was apparently inhibited insoil treated with different<br />concentration of 3-PBAthan in untreated soil. These results suggest that the<br />application of a commercial cypermethrin formulation increased the abundance of<br />selected soil microorganisms while3-PBA reduced the soil microbial hydrolytic<br />activity</span>https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16342_8a9d72f47a568689b7b6fe8bafb2d748.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Occurrence of Parvovirus b19 Infection Among Pregnant Women in Lagos, Nigeria51561634310.21608/eajbsg.2017.16343ENAyolabi ChristianahI.Department of Microbiology, University of LagosAudifferen ChukwumaT.Department of Microbiology, University of LagosIbemgbo SylvesterA.Department of Microbiology, University of LagosJournal Article20181011Infections with B19V have been associated with fetal loss, acute arthritis and arthralgia as well as chronic anemia in immunodeficient persons. Pregnant women infected with B19V have 30% chance of transmission to the foetus. This study was carried out to ascertain the occurrence of current or recent infections with B19V among pregnant women in Lagos.
Methods: A commercially available Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit (Parvovirus B19 RIDASCREEN biopharma. Germany) was used to analyze 93 serum samples collected from pregnant women in Lagos, aged between 18 and 35 years.
Results: A total of ninety three (93) samples were analysed and 35 samples (37.6%) were positive for virus specific IgM antibody. B19V IgM seropositivity was found to be highest in the 26-30 years age group with 20 samples (44.4%) tested positive. The lowest B19V seropositivity (0%) was found among the 16-20 years age group where no positive case was recorded. The highest frequencies of 50% and 30% were recorded among women in their 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> trimesters respectively.
Conclusion: The active infection of B19V among pregnant women exist in Lagos, and the high incidence of this infection among the women in their first and second trimesters of pregnancy may have some serious implications on the outcomes of these pregnancies. Hence, the need to take practical steps to ensuring that transmission of B19V is curbed.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16343_6262333c62422a8fce559a27faca3d20.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601A Study of Naturally-occurring L-glutamic Acid Producing Bacteria From Tropical Soil and Aquatic Environments.57631646310.21608/eajbsg.2017.16463ENMargaret AdedayoAdeogunInstitute: University of LagosAyodele ElizabethOmotayoInstitute: University of LagosOlajumoke AdunolaOderindeInstitute: University of LagosOlukayodeAmundInstitute: University of LagosJournal Article20181013Microbial means of L-glutamic acid production have<br />advantage of directly yielding optical and biological active form of the amino<br />acid. The production of L-glutamic acid was investigated using bacterial<br />isolates obtained from tropical soil and water samples obtained from Lagos,<br />Nigeria. L–glutamic acid producing bacterial strains were isolated and<br />identified using the Analytical Profile Index (API) Test 50CHB/20E kit. The<br />L-Glutamic acid production was tested on Luria Bertani Broth and determined by<br />qualitative and quantitative approaches. Six (6) isolates were L-Glutamate<br />producers of which the best producing isolates were <em>Paenibacillus alvei</em> and <em>Corynebacterium<br />glucuronolyticum – seminale </em>giving a yield higher than 0.7 g/L. The best L-glutamic acid producing isolates<br />were further tested to determine the effects of a variety of carbon and<br />nitrogen sources as well as varying concentration of biotin on the yield of the<br />amino acid produced. Glucose gave yields of 1.19 g/L and 1.05 g/L of L-glutamic<br />acid for <em>Paenibacillus alvei</em> and <em>Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum–seminale </em>respectively,<br />while ammonium chloride and optimum biotin concentration at 2µg gave yields of<br />1.15 g/L and 2.09 g/L as well as 1.59 g/L and 1.75 g/L respectively. These<br />bacterial strains therefore offer tremendous promise as candidates for further<br />manipulation for enhanced production of L-glutamic acid using indigenous<br />bacteria from the tropical environmenthttps://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16463_04171e2bf01649742c909e3dcb13cbe5.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Hospital-Based Preliminary Assessment of Rotavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria65721646410.21608/eajbsg.2017.16464ENArowolo KafayatOlusholaDepartment of Microbiology, University of LagosAyolabi ChristianahIdowuDepartment of Microbiology, University of LagosJournal Article20181013<strong>Background:</strong> Rotavirus remains the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in developing countries, with over 450,000 deaths annually in children below five years. In developing countries such as Nigeria, routine rotavirus screening is not performed; hence the actual burden of rotavirus infection among children is not well known.
<strong>Objective:</strong> This study was designed to determine the prevalence, associated symptoms and risk factors of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under five years in Ogun State, Nigeria.
<strong>Methods:</strong> Stool samples were collected from 186 children from 3 different hospitals in Ogun State and assayed for rotavirus antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay. A Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic and clinical information from each of the study participants.
<strong>Results:</strong> Sixty-four (34.4%) of the samples tested positive for rotavirus antigen with the highest rate (54.5%) of infection recorded in children aged 0-6 months. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of occurrence of clinical features among diarrheic children included fever, vomiting and dehydration (40.6%), vomiting and dehydration (25%) and fever (9.4%). Gender, age, occupation of parent and attendance of daycare/school were found to be the significant predisposing factors for rotavirus infection (P< 0.05).
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> This preliminary report shows that rotavirus is the major cause of gastroenteritis in children. It is therefore imperative to include rotavirus as one of the agents being routinely screen for in gastroenteritis cases and more importantly include rotavirus vaccination in Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) in Nigeria.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16464_c59b613c27239609ccd05951e70a556a.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601In vitro Degradation of Extracted Cassava Linamarin by Bacillus Species Isolated from cassava wastewater73831646510.21608/eajbsg.2017.16465ENOgunyemi A.K.Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos-NigeriaSamuel T.A.Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos-NigeriaBuraimoh O.M.Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos-NigeriaAmund O.O.Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos-NigeriaIlori M.O.Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos-NigeriaAlagbada B.C.Department of Chemical Sciences, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos-NigeriaOlumuyiwa E.O.Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun- NigeriaOdetunde S.K.Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Microbiology Unit, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos-NigeriaAkinrodoyeF.Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos-NigeriaJournal Article20181013Linamarin is the most abundant cyanoglucoside present in cassava cells and may generate the equivalent amount of hydrocyanic acid. This study was aimed to assess degradative capacities of <em>Bacillus pumilus </em>strain WOB3 and WOB7on linamarin. The test organisms for linamarase activity were identified on the basis of phenotype, biochemical properties and 16S rDNA gene sequencing as: <em>Bacillus pumilus</em> strain WOB3 KX774195 and <em>Bacillus pumilus</em> strain WOB7 KX774196. Growth studies showed that the strains grew in all the substrates tested. The doubling times of <em>Bacillus</em> <em>pumilus</em> strain WOB3 and <em>Bacillus pumilus</em> strain WOB7 were 8.25 d and 7.53 d on cassava effluent, 6.30 dand 5.78 d on supplemented cassava effluent, 8.66 dand 9.90 d on waste leachate and 6.30 d and 9.24 d on supplemented waste leachate respectively; with specific growth rates of 0.084 d<sup>-1 </sup> and 0.092 d<sup>-1 </sup> on cassava effluent, 0.11 d<sup>-1 </sup> and 0.12 d<sup>-1</sup> on supplemented cassava effluent, 0.080 d<sup>-1</sup> and 0.070 d<sup>-1</sup> on waste leachate and 0.11 d<sup>-1</sup> and 0.075 d<sup>-1</sup> on supplemented waste leachate respectively. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis studies revealed that linamarin degradation by the strains followed a linamarase pathway involving CO<sub>2</sub> and HCN as metabolic intermediates. Based on HPLC analysis, linamarin residual concentration at day 12 by the strains WOB3 and WOB7 was 26.73 mgL<sup>-1</sup>(19.79 %) and 29.79 mgL<sup>-1</sup> (21.92 %). These novel features make the bacteria suitable candidates for in-situ application on sites contaminated with cassava processing wastes.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16465_f097c239362f260c52e274d795f4cc7c.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Identification and Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Pipe-borne Water Samples in Selected Areas of Lagos Using Api kits and RAPD-PCR85921646610.21608/eajbsg.2017.16466ENAdesanya K.M.Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaAdekoya K.O.Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaOgunkanmi L..A.Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaOboh B.O.Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaJournal Article20181013Pipe-borne water is a major source of drinking water and contamination of such water source could lead to an epidemic. The aim of this present study is to isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms in pipe-borne water in different locations of Lagos metropolis. Six microorganisms were isolated from water samples collected at five locations. The isolates were subjected to morphological as well as biochemical tests using gram staining and Analytical Profile Index (API) tests respectively. Three primers (S gene, RAPD 1 and RAPD 2) were used for the PCR amplification of DNA samples extracted from the isolates and were identified as bacterial species: <em>Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus alvei, Bacillus mycoides, Pasteurella aerogenes, Pasteurella pneumotropica</em> and<em> Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Gel electrophoresis of the amplified DNA samples generated a total of 128 bands which were subjected to statistical analysis using the NTSYS software (version 2.02j). The results as shown in the UPGMA dendrograms revealed a similarity coefficient of 0.66 among <em>B. polymyxa, B. alvei</em> and <em>B. mycoides </em>as well as a high similarity coefficient of 0.72 between <em>P. pneumotropica</em> and <em>S. aureus.</em> The presence of spore-forming bacteria, <em>B. mycoides B. polymyxa</em> and <em>B. alvei</em> is considered a biohazard as they can survive for long periods while the presence of <em>P. aerogenes, P. pneumotropica</em> and<em> S. aureus</em>, known as opportunistic pathogens is equally hazardous and can be a potential cause of water borne disease. This present study, using RAPD-PCR technique has improved the identification and characterization of microorganisms isolated from pipe-borne water.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16466_49a3831489f02c51329b290ba17c2f94.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Drinking Water Samples in Egypt93981646710.21608/eajbsg.2017.16467ENMohamed AAlhammadDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Public Health, University of Benghazi, LibyaMahmoud A.ElderbiDepartment of pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benghazi, LibyaYaman M.Hamed3- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, University of Teknologi Pertonas, MalaysiaJournal Article20181013<strong>Background</strong>: <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infection is one of the most common infections worldwide. In Egypt, H. pylori prevalence has been reported to be 60% among patients greater than 6 years of age. However the environmental risk factors and sources of infection by this organism have not been extensively studied for this region.
<strong>Aim</strong>: The primary objective of the present study was to determine, for a population in which <em>H. pylori</em> is common, the potential environmental sources of infection by both filtration PCR and filtration culture PCR for water samples. Also we aimed to study the cagA and vacA genotypes of these strains.
<strong>Materials</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Methods</strong>: In this study, fifty tap water samples were tested to investigate the presence of <em>H. pylori</em> from rural and urban regions in Alexandria. The detection of H. pylori in water was done by PCR using specific primers for urease gene Ure C (294 bp). Results: In this study, <em>H. pylori</em> ure C gene was detected in 4 (8%) of water samples. Two of these cases were detected using Filtration PCR and another two were detected using Filtration culture PCR. All positive samples were negative for CagA and VacA genes.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>: The present study confirms the presence of <em>H. pylori</em> in drinking water of Alexandria. Detection of <em>H.pylori</em> in water by both filtration PCR and filtration culture PCR in different samples confirm the presence of <em>H.pylori</em> in different forms in water, viable non culturable and culturable<em>.</em>https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16467_4d7396b9f16857f4a3fb594f0dc48889.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Fungi in biological control of parasitic plant991081646810.21608/eajbsg.2017.16468ENShaima Hassan AliAl AbbasiSamaraa Unibersity, college of education, biology departmentZainab AnasSalmanBaghdad University,college of science, Biotechnology departmentJournal Article20181013Biological control is defined as the breeding and protection of organisms against other living organisms (Agrios, 1997).For example, some insects, such as the beetle <em>Smicronyx</em> <em>jungermannia</em> and <em>Melana</em> <em>gramyza</em> fly,Many insects were hired in the field of biological control to eradicate several jungles (Fowler <em>et al</em>., 2012).Some species of bacteria have also been used to control the bush. CAMPERICO® is a bacterium bioherbicide,<em>Xanthomonas</em> <em>campestris</em> pv. Poae was developed and recorded in Japan as a biochemist of the Poa annua weed in Japan's golf courses (Charudattan, 2005).Viruses have also been used in biocontrol, such as the <em>Cusumber</em> <em>mosaic</em> virus, which affects certain types of viruses (Morrison <em>et al</em>., 1998).For example, the Triketone herbicide was used as a natural extract from natural sources, a botanical plant-toxic vegetable product (Frost and his group, 2003)Al-Mohammadi (2001) found that the water extract of the sorghum halepense has a significant effect on the killing of the <em>cuscuta</em> that is present on the crop after 45 days of spraying.The fungus was also used in the biological control. Among the common fungi used in the biological control are the fungi <em>Alternaria</em> spp, <em>Collecotricum</em> spp, spp <em>Geotrichum</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> spp. And <em>Chysonilla</em> spp (Boyette <em>et al</em>.; 2012).https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16468_374915d08c4929144a4d78febc4757ed.pdfEgyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-08729120170601Isolation and Identification of Shigella Isolated from Diarrheal Cases and Investigation of its Genetic Variance Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA1091171646910.21608/eajbsg.2017.16469ENAtaa Tariq AliAl-KhalilyCollege of Science University of MosulAmera M. M.Al-RawiCollege of Science University of MosulJournal Article20181013Current study has rewarded attention to analyze genetic variation and genetic characterization among 10 Shigella isolates from unknown sources to detect the genetic distance between them by use Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was performed, a technique based on PCR interaction.
In this study, 6 random primers were used (OPF-16, OPD-20, OPA-06, OPE-20, OPX-01, OPY-03) in RAPD technique, the results revealed that the primers (OPA-06, OPD-20, OPF-16, OPE-20, OPX-01) showed bands differed in numbers and locations between the studied isolates those were varied with the unique bands or in the absence of specific main band ,while the primer (OPY-03) didn’t gave any multiplication result, the differences in molecular weight between the volumes and the difference in the number of these band were recorded, the primer (OPX-01) gave the largest number of band (73bands) and the primer (OPD-20) gave the lowest number of band (30 bands), while the rest of the primers were gave different numbers of band approximated between (30-73).
The genetic distance values of the 10 isolates were ranged from 0.88891-0.28742. If the genetic material matches any two studied species, it indicates that the genetic distance between them should be equal to zero, and the genetic similarity ratio is equal to 1. The genetic distance values among the ten isolates have been invested in finding the genetic relationship that binds them all to Clusters, where the Shigella species are divided into two main groups: The first group included two groups, the first included two subgroups, one of which included isolate No. 1 and the other included tow isolaties No.2 and 3, the second was included two subgroups, the first subgroup included two categories, one of which included the isolates 4 and 7 and the other included isolate No. 5, while the other one was included the isolate No. 6. The second main group included two categories, one of which included the isolates No 8 and 9 and the other included isolate No. 10 and all the branches in the tree are types of follow-up to the genus of Shigella.https://eajbsg.journals.ekb.eg/article_16469_52d3d92171e62f7b1fd0ce0e82b28c8f.pdf