Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Antifungal Activities of Some Plant Extracts against Pathogenic Fungi1191631010.21608/eajbsg.2018.16310ENSaadia M. HassaninEasaMicrobiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptAbd El Hamid AlyHamdyChemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Cairo, EgyptAmal Ahmed IbrahimMekaweyRegional Center for Fungi, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptEreny AtefWadeeMicrobiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20181011Soil samples were collected from different localities in Cairo, and were assayed for keratinophilic fungi. Five species of fungi classified in two genera were isolated from Giza zoo (animal cages and parks), hospital, public park, local market, primary school, club, and garbage dumping site. Five plants were chosen to investigate their antifungal activity against five isolated dermatophytes: <em>Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum boullardii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton terrsetre,</em> and <em>Trichophyton verrucosum</em>. The tested plants were<em> Punica granatum </em>(Pomegranate),<em> Aloe vera</em>, <em>Foeniculum vulgare </em>(Fennel), <em>Allium ampeloprasum </em>var<em>. Kurrat</em> (kurrat), and<em> Ricinus communis </em>(<em>Castor bean</em>). Plant extracts were prepared by three different solvents, hexane, ethyl acetate, and (80%) ethanol. The study shows that ethanolic extract of <em>Punica</em><em> granatum</em> (Pomegranate), hexane, and ethanolic extract of <em>Allium ampeloprasum </em>var<em>. Kurrat</em> (kurrat) were effective against most of the tested organisms. Ethanolic extract of pomegranate and hexane extract of kurrat were chromatographed by column chromatography. Fractions from column chromatography were tested for antifungal activity. Ethyl acetate: ethanol (9:1) fraction of pomegranate (<em>Punica granatum</em>) and hexane: ethyl acetate (1:9) fraction of kurrat(<em>Allium ampeloprasum var. Kurrat</em>) showed antifungal activity against the fungal strains. These fractions were analyzed by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrum<strong> (</strong>GC-MS).Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Phosphorus Efficiency of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes Inoculated with Mycorrhizal Fungi under Calcareous Soil Conditions21351631110.21608/eajbsg.2018.16311ENAbou El Seoud I.I.Department of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, EgyptHoda A.MahmoudDepartment of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, EgyptELadly R.M.Department of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20181011This<br />research aimed to study P efficiency of six wheat genotypes <em>(Triticum aestivum)</em> inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi under three levels of P under calcareous soil conditions and to quantify the contribution of root growth<br />and hyphae length in P uptake. Plants were grown in pots with three levels of P<br />supply in soil P0<br />(without P fertilizer), P1 (50% of recommended P<br />fertilizer, 75 mg P/kg soil), and P2 (100%<br />of recommended P fertilizer, 150 mg P/kg soil). Half of the pots were<br />treated with mixed mycorrhizal<br />species (<em>Glomus intraradices</em> and <em>Glomus macrocarpium</em>) in with six replicates in randomized complete<br />block design. The wheat genotypes were harvested 85<br />days after planting. The results showed that the response of shoot dry weight<br />of wheat genotypes without mycorrhizae to increase of P supply was vigorous<br />except genotype V6. In contrast, all<br />the wheat genotypes inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi were less. All wheat<br />genotypes with mycorrhizal inoculation<br />except V4 with and without mycorrhizal and V6 without mycorrhizal attained more than 80% of its maximum shoot<br />yield already at the lower level available. So<br />all wheat genotypes with mycorrhizal inoculation were considered to be P efficient except V4 and<br />all genotypes without mycorrhizal were regarded as P inefficient except V6. The wheat genotype V6 had extensive roots growth in<br />limited P supply (P0) and the shorter roots observed in wheat genotype V4. The<br />wheat genotype V6 had long hyphae length as<br />compared to other wheat genotypes<br />whereas the shorter hyphae length<br />observed in wheat genotype V4. The adaptation of wheat genotypes to low level<br />of soil P is closely related to better improved root system and the increase in the mycorrhizal hyphae length may be two<br />of the main possible mechanisms of P efficiency in wheat. At low and high P level, the genotype V6 was given the highest values with and without<br />mycorrhizal inoculation followed by V3 and V2, whereas<br />genotype V4 was given the lowest<br />values of the shoot P uptake followed by V5. In contrast, the results of this study<br />suggested that root growth system and mycorrhizal hyphae length would be suitable parameters for selecting P efficient<br />wheat genotypes especially under limited P supply.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Molecular Detection of Biogenic Bacteria During Biogas Production Using Domestic Feed Stock37451631210.21608/eajbsg.2018.16312ENAnyakorah C.I.Department of Biological Sciences, Bell's University of Technology Ota, Ogun State, NigeriaAmooI.Department of Biological Sciences, Bell's University of Technology Ota, Ogun State, NigeriaObi C.C.Department of Biological Sciences, Bell's University of Technology Ota, Ogun State, NigeriaJournal Article20181011The<br />search for a sustainable and environmental friendly energy has resulted to the<br />development of an alternative renewable energy such as biogas. The objective of<br />this work was to identify the presence of methanogenic bacteria in a short-term<br />operated biogas reactor fed with kitchen waste by PCR-amplification of the<br />methyl coenzyme M reductase (<em>mcrA)</em>. Household organic waste was<br />obtained from Bells University of Technology canteen while pig manure that<br />served as the inoculum was obtained from a pig farm. Three replicate samples<br />were taken every week and analysed for changes in the physico-chemical<br />parameters to determine their effects on the rate of biogas production. Results<br />obtained showed that the % moisture and carbon contents, before and after<br />fermentation, were reduced from 88% to 80% and<br />16.7% to 12.5%, while % nitrogen content increased from 1.20% to 1.70%. The<br />mean weekly biogas production ranged from 27.4 ml to 147 ml at 4 weeks and 6<br />weeks, respectively. Methyl coenzyme M reductase<br />(mcrA) gene, which codes for the enzyme that<br />catalyse the terminal step in methane production during the anaerobic<br />fermentation of biomass, was amplified both in<br />the methanogenic bacteria and transformed <em>E.<br />coli</em> with the fragment size of 500 bp.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Identification of Endoglucanase Gene Responsible for Cellulose Degradation Using Aspergillus flavus47571631310.21608/eajbsg.2018.16313ENMustafaEl-BakaryAgricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, EgyptKhaledElBaghdadyMicrobiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptAmrAgeezFaculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), EgyptJournal Article20181011<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Twenty<br />two of cellulose-degrading fungal isolates were isolated from five different<br />samples; rotted sugar cane bagasse, rotted plant, termites, soil and animal<br />manure. Out of 22 isolates, 21 strains showed hydrolyzing zone on agar plates<br />containing carboxy methyl cellulose after iodine staining. The fungal isolate<br />No. S4, exhibited the highest endoglucanase (CMCase) activity with (0.165<br />IU/ml) in cellulase production culture. <span style="color: black;">The best<br />exoglucanase (FPase) and endoglucanase (CMCase) of fungal isolate S4 was<br />obtained after incubation at 30°C for 7 days. Sugar cane bagasse (SCB) induced<br />the production of FPase and CMCase with maximum activity of 3.6 fold and 2.2<br />fold, respectively more than that of the maximum yield</span> in case of<br />carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). The fungal isolate S4 was identified as <em>Aspergillus<br />flavus</em> on the basis of 18S rRNA and ITS region sequence analysis.</span>Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Purification and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzyme Produced by Bacillus subtilis Egy.59681631410.21608/eajbsg.2018.16314ENNora N.ElgamalMicrobial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, EgyptFawkiaEl- BeihFaculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptSaadia M.HassninFaculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptMaysa E.MoharamMicrobial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, EgyptMagda A.El-BendaryMicrobial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, EgyptMostafa M.Abo ElsoudMicrobial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, EgyptJournal Article20181011A novel extracellular enzyme with strong fibrinolytic activity, produced by <em>Bacillus subtilis </em>Egy, which was isolated from the Egyptian soil was purified and characterized. The enzyme was secreted by cultured <em>B. </em>subtilis Egy under solid state fermentation and purified 21.5 purification fold using precipitation by ammonium sulphate followed by ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G- 100 chromatography. Purified enzyme showed optimum activity at 50<sup>o</sup>Creaction temperature and pH 8. Enzyme stability studies revealed that the enzymeis stable up to 30 °C and it retained 80% of its activity at 40<sup>o</sup>C.In addition, the purified enzyme is stable at pH 8-9. The fibrinolytic activity was enhanced by Mn<sup>2+,</sup>Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, and Ba<sup>2+</sup> and inhibited by, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup>. Moreover, the activity was decreased by EDTA and PMSF at 2 mM final concentration.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Bacterial profile of Infected Traumatic Wound and the Antibiogram of predominant Bacterial Isolates Using Viteck Automated System in Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq.69761785410.21608/eajbsg.2018.17854ENShehab A.LafiMicrobiology Dept. College of Medicine University of Anbar, IRAQMahmoodAl-ShamarryClinical Lab. Ramadi Teaching HospitalMohamed S.AhmedDeputy of Anbar Health OfficeWaleed I.AhmedMicrobiology Dept. College of Medicine University of Anbar, IRAQJournal Article20181029Background: Bacterial pathogens were seen more imposed in wound infections particularly traumatic wounds . Bacterial isolates tend to show high rate of resistance against antimicrobial agents due to bacterial prolonged exposure to such antimicrobial agents in treated patients and gaining of antimicrobial resistance genetic factors and transfer between bacterial generations.<br /> Aims of the study: This study aimed to show the bacterial profile of infected traumatic wounds and the antibiogram of the predominant bacterial isolates.<br /> Patients and methods : Skin swabs were taken from infected wounds of (60 patients were attending Ramadi Teaching Hospital during the period of one year period (From Jan. to Dec. 2017). Bacterial investigations were done for each Specimen aseptically, bacterial isolates were diagnosed using biochemical criteria and confirmed identification was done using Vitec k2 system following. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was done for bacterial isolates using the disc diffusion test method.<br /> Results: It was found that a higher percentage of Gram negative bacterial isolates (42) than Gram positive types (18). <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> took the first rank of isolation (13) followed by <em>psedumonas aeruginosa, proteus mirabilis</em> and <em>klebsiella</em><em> pneumonia.</em>, (11,11,10) isolates for each respectively. All bacterial isolates showed good sensitivity to Levofloxacin, Imipenem and Carbapenem while all of them were resistant to Amoxil and Ampicillin with variable resistance ratio to other antibiotics.<br /> In conclusion, different bacterial and antibiotic profiles were found for the isolated bacteria in addition to the high resistance rate to some antimicrobial agents so a continuous periodic study for this category is required.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Relationship Between Storage Periods and microorganisms (Bacteria, Fungi and Yeasts) In Honey77841785510.21608/eajbsg.2018.17855ENAli M. A.M.1- Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptRawdaa R.KhalilPlant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptH. M.RamadanPlant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, EgyptJournal Article20181029The relationship between storage periods and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts) in honey samples was evaluated. Ripe honey was collected from honey bee colonies fed on natural flowers available in the study area in addition plain sugar syrup (1:1). The population was 1.40, 1.80, 2.53, 3.47 and 4.90 colony/sample for bacteria; 0.30, 0.50, 0.90 1.60 and 2,20 colony/sample for fungi and 2.70, 3.10, 3.90, 4.50 and 7.20 colony/sample for yeasts in honey samples stored at zero, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. According to isolation and identification procedures of microorganisms in tested honey samples, three bacteria types <em>Bacillus brevis</em>, <em>Bacillus cereus</em> and <em>Clostridium botulism</em>, four fungi types <em>Aspergillus apis</em>, <em>Aspergillus niger</em>, <em>Cladosporium </em>sp. and <em>Penicillium </em>sp. and three yeasts types <em>Debaromyces</em> sp., <em>Lipomyces </em>sp. and <em>Saccharomyces </em>sp. were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters. The data also summarized that, fungi were the least population when compared with bacteria and yeasts. <em>Clostridium botulism bacterium</em> was the most frequency (%) compared with other bacteria types. <em>A. apis</em> fungus was the most frequency (%) compared with other fungi types and <em>Lipomyces </em>sp. yeast was the most frequency, meanwhile the yeast<em> Saccharomyces </em>sp. was the least frequency. The data also summarized that, the population and frequency (%) of microorganisms increased as increasing the storage period.Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Optimization of Cultural Conditions to Maximize the Efficiency of Petroleum Crude Oil-Degrading Bacteria85941785610.21608/eajbsg.2018.17856ENDouaa H.Abdel-AzizAgricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, EgyptSadia M.EasaMicrobiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, EgyptReda A. Abdel-AzizAbdel-AzizAgricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, EgyptSaid M.Badr El-DinAgricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, EgyptNevin A.IbrahimMicrobiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, EgyptJournal Article20181029The<br />optimization of cultural conditions to maximize the efficiency of petroleum<br />crude oil bioremediation by three bacterial strains, <em>Alcaligenes faecalis,</em><br /><em>Microbacterium oxydans</em> and <em>Microbacterium Paraoxydans</em> were<br />isolated from Tebbin, Al Kanater charity and Agiba, respectively. The mineral<br />salt medium was used<strong>, </strong>pH 7.5, temperature 30 <sup>o</sup>C and 30 days<br />of incubation showed the highest degradation of crude oil with the isolated<br />three bacterial strains. Ammonium sulphate as a sole N-source and crude oil as<br />a sole C-sources were more suitable for crude oil degradation at the<br />concentration of 0.2 % and 1.0 %, respectively. Inoculum size of 0.8 % was the<br />most suitable inoculum for the degradation. Moreover, the agitation condition<br />was advantages at 100 rpm than the static condition for the crude oil<br />degradation by the three bacterial strains. Egyptian Society of Biological SciencesEgyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology2090-087210120180601Nocardial Mastitis among Dairy Animals in Khartoum State; Probability of Acquisition the Infection from Soil95991785710.21608/eajbsg.2018.17857ENTagreed I .MohamedDepartment of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, SudanGalal Eldeen MMohammedDepartment of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, SudanMiskelyemen A.ElmekkiDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawwarah, Saudi ArabiaMogahid MElhassanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawwarah, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20181029<strong>Introduction</strong>:<em> Nocardia </em>spp are widely distributed group of actinomycetes that occur in a wide range of manmade and natural habitat including activated sewage sludge, soil, water and tissues of plants and animals including human. <em>Nocardia</em> causes many diseases, notably pulmonary infections in man and mastitis in animals.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> The study subjects included 300 milk samples and 20 soil samples from different farms in Khartoum State, which include Hilat Koko, Ghandahar, Al Silate and Almuaileh. Distribution of the enrolled milk samples was as follows; 100 from goats, 100 from cows and 100 from sheep. Soil samples distribution was as follows; All target samples were cultured on TSA and GYEA and then Gram’s stain and different biochemical tests were used for further identification. Finally, PCR targeting <em>16Sr RNA </em>gene was carried out for all <em>Nocardia</em> isolates.<br /> <strong>Results</strong>: Dairy animals included in the present study were found to be infected with <em>Nocardia</em> species with different ratio; goats 13/87 (14.9%%), cows 11/77 (14.2%) and sheep 0/60 (0%). Other pathogenic bacteria were also identified in milk, these included Streptococcus, Dietzia, Rhodococcus and Mycobacteria.<br /> Our findings proved also the existence of <em>Nocardia</em> spp. among 35% (7/20) of the soil samples, three samples isolated from farms of Hilat Koko, one sample from Ghandahar, two samples from Al Silate and one samples from Al muaileh.<br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong><br /> In the present study, the <em>Nocardia</em> species were isolated and identified from the soil and milk samples of dairy animals of the same farms by conventional and molecular methods. This finding strongly suggest that soil could be the possible source for the infection of farm animals.